توسعه اجتماعی

توسعه اجتماعی

طراحی الگوی تاب‌آوری در برابر اخبار جعلی با نقش میانجی سوگیری در پذیرش خبر (مطالعه موردی: شهر بوشهر)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری علوم ارتباطات اجتماعی، واحد اردبیل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اردبیل، ایران
2 استاد گروه جامعه‌شناسی، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران
3 گروه آموزشی علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، صندوق پستی 889-14665، تهران، ایران
چکیده
پژوهش حاضر با هدف طراحی الگویی برای تاب‌آوری در برابر اخبار جعلی انجام شده است که در آن، سوگیری در پذیرش خبر به‌عنوان متغیر میانجی کیفی و سرمایه‏ اجتماعی، اعتماد نهادی و حافظه‏ جمعی به‌عنوان عوامل بومی تعدیل‌گر در نظر گرفته شده‌اند. این پژوهش کاربردی با رویکرد کیفی و راهبرد مطالعه‏ موردی کیفی انجام شد. داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه‏ نیمه‌ساختاریافته با ۳۵ مشارکت‌کننده (۴ خبره‏ دانشگاهی، ۷ کارشناس اجرایی، ۲۴ شهروند عادی بوشهری) گردآوری گردید. نمونه‌گیری به روش هدفمند با حداکثر تنوع تا رسیدن به اشباع نظری ادامه یافت. تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از MAXQDA 2020 و روش تحلیل مضمون براون و کلارک انجام شد. پایایی کدگذاری با محاسبه‏ کاپای کوهن (۰/۸۴ = κ) تأیید گردید. تحلیل داده‌ها به شناسایی ۵ مضمون فراگیر، ۲۲ مضمون سازمان‌دهنده و ۸۴ مضمون پایه انجامید. مضامین فراگیر عبارت‌اند از: سازوکارهای شناختی تاب‌آوری؛ الگوهای رفتاری تاب‌آوری؛ سوگیری در پذیرش خبر (نقش میانجی)؛ عوامل بومی تعدیل‌گر؛ و پیامدهای کاهش باورپذیری. بیشترین فراوانی مربوط به «اعتماد به خبرگزاری‌های رسمی» (۸۰ درصد) و «بی‌اعتمادی به کانال‌های تلگرامی ناشناس» (۷۴/۳ درصد) بود. نوآوری پژوهش در سه حوزه است: تبیین سوگیری به‌عنوان میانجی کیفی (شرط لازم برای اثربخشی تاب‌آوری)، کشف نقش دوگانه‏ سرمایه‏ اجتماعی (سپر در مقابل اهرم)، و شناسایی سوگیری تازگی به‌عنوان راهبرد بقای ناشی از فرهنگ بندرنشینی (نه خطای شناختی). پیشنهاد می‌شود دوره‌های سواد رسانه‌ای بومی با تأکید بر کنترل هیجانات و بازتاب میراث فرهنگی بندرنشینی طراحی شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Designing a Model of Resilience to Fake News: The Mediating Role of News Acceptance Bias (A Case Study of Bushehr)

نویسندگان English

Ryhaneh Faghihian Alirezaei Alvijeh 1
Ali Moradi 2
Behrouz Zeynali 3
1 PhD Student in Social Communication Sciences, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
2 Professor, Department of Sociology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
3 Department of Social Sciences, Farhangian University, P.O. Box 14665-889, Tehran, Iran
چکیده English

This study aimed to design a model of resilience against fake news, in which bias in news acceptance is considered as a qualitative mediating variable, while social capital, institutional trust, and collective memory serve as indigenous moderating factors. This applied research employed a qualitative approach with a qualitative case study strategy. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 35 participants (4 academic experts, 7 executive specialists, and 24 ordinary citizens of Bushehr). Purposive sampling with maximum variation continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data analysis was performed using MAXQDA 2020 software and Braun & Clarke's thematic analysis method. Coding reliability was confirmed by calculating Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ = 0.84). Data analysis led to the identification of 5 overarching themes, 22 organizing themes, and 84 basic themes. The overarching themes include: cognitive mechanisms of resilience; behavioral patterns of resilience; bias in news acceptance (mediating role); indigenous moderating factors; and consequences of reduced believability. The highest frequencies were related to "trust in official news agencies" (80%) and "distrust of anonymous Telegram channels" (74.3%). The innovation of this study lies in three areas: explaining bias as a qualitative mediator (a necessary condition for the effectiveness of resilience), discovering the dual role of social capital (as both a shield and a lever), and identifying novelty bias as a survival strategy rooted in seafaring culture (rather than a cognitive error). It is recommended that indigenous media literacy programs be designed with an emphasis on emotional regulation and reflection on the cultural heritage of seafaring life.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Resilience
Fake News
Bias in News Acceptance
Qualitative Case Study
Bushehr City
Thematic Analysis
Afshani, S. A.; Mazidi Sharafabadi, A. M.; Sadri, M. (2018). “The relationship between cultural capital and media literacy among youth in Bafq city”, Journal of Culture and Communication Studies, 19(43): 145-163. (Persian).
Allcott, H.; Gentzkow, M. (2017). “Social media and fake news in the 2016 election”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2): 211-236.
Auxier, B. E.; Vitak, J. (2019). “Factors motivating customization and echo chamber creation within digital news environments”, Social Media + Society, 5(2): 1-13.
Azizi, Z. (2024). “The relationship between media literacy and the ability to detect fake news during the COVID-19 pandemic”, Journal of Communication Sciences, 30(4): 45-68. (Persian).
Azizi, Z.; Moradi, M. (2024). “Investigating the role of media literacy in the ability to detect fake news among public librarians”, Journal of Information Management Sciences and Techniques, 10(2): 61-76. (Persian).
Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity, SAGE Publications.
Braun, V.; Clarke, V. (2006). “Using thematic analysis in psychology”, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2): 77-101.
Calice, M. N.; et al. (2023). “Polarized platforms? How partisanship shapes perceptions of 'algorithmic news bias'”, New Media & Society, 25(11): 2833-2854.
Cosgrove, S. (2020). A three-dimensional model of bias in news acceptance, MIT Press.
Dewi, R. S.; et al. (2021). “Factors affecting digital literacy competence”, Journal of Educational Technology, 45(3): 234-251.
Ding, Y.; Ge, Y. (2025). “Wise blindness: Understanding user engagement with misinformation through a qualitative approach”, New Media & Society, 27(3): 1452-1473.
George, J.; et al. (2025). “The COP model: Content dimensions, Overton window, and perceived utility in fake news sharing”, Journal of Communication, 75(4): 412-438.
Gholamian, M.; Hosseini, S. A.; Mohammadi, S. (2023). “Identifying mental patterns of experts regarding factors affecting the increase of media literacy of physical education teachers in virtual education during the COVID-19 pandemic”, Journal of Sports Management, 15(3): 123-145. (Persian).
Ghorbani Rezvani, M.; Mirzaei, P. (2023). “The relationship between media literacy and critical thinking skills with the mediating role of cognitive creativity”, Journal of Media and Communication Research, 11(21): 150-178. (Persian).
Ghoreishi, S. H.; Nazem, F.; Imani, M. N. (2019). “Identifying factors affecting the promotion of media literacy and its impact on Islamic lifestyle”, Journal of Islamic Lifestyle with a Focus on Health, 3(3): 188-198. (Persian).
Gilbert, D. T. (1991). "How mental systems believe", American Psychologist, 46(2): 107-119.
Granovetter, M. S. (1973). “The strength of weak ties”, American Journal of Sociology, 78(6): 1360-1380.
Guo, L.; Apuke, O. D.; Tunca, E. A.; Gever, C. V. (2025). "Cognitive load theory and fake news sharing behavior", Computers in Human Behavior, 152: 108-125.
Gupta, R.; et al. (2023). “Examining factors affecting media information literacy”, Journal of Library and Information Science, 58(4): 412-428.
Halbwachs, M. (1992). On collective memory (L. A. Coser, Ed. & Trans.), University of Chicago Press.
Hutchins, E. (1995). Cognition in the wild, MIT Press.
Jalili, M.; Mirzaagha, Z. (2023). “A sociological study of the relationship between cultural capital and media literacy among youth aged 18-34 in Tehran”, Journal of Culture and Communication Studies, 24(62): 237-261. (Persian).
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow, Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Khatibzadeh, S.; Salimi, L. (2024). “Components of media literacy from the perspective of Muslim experts”, Journal of Strategic Communication Studies, 4(13): 33-50. (Persian).
Kont, J.; & et. al (2024). “A systematic review of factors affecting disinformation resilience"”, New Media & Society, 26(5): 1101-1125.
Lincoln, Y. S.; Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry, SAGE Publications.
Lu, C.; & et. al (2024). “Can media literacy intervention improve fake news believability evaluation? A meta-analysis”, Computers in Human Behavior, 158: 108-125.
Mansour, A. (2024). “Media and information literacy as a model of social balance: A meta-synthesis approach”, Information Development, 40(2): 187-205.
Mercier, H. (2020). Not born yesterday: The science of who we trust and what we believe, Princeton University Press.
Morad Heydari, A. (2025). “Behavioral requirements of media audiences in the light of Quranic teachings”, Scientific Quarterly of Culture-Communication Studies, 26(70): 83-113. (Persian).
Munusamy, S.; Syasyila, K.; Shaari, A. A. H.; & et. al (2024). “Psychological factors contributing to the creation and dissemination of fake news among social media users: A systematic review”, BMC Psychology, 12: 673.
Muringa, T.; Adjinteri, M. (2024). “The role of media literacy in democratic engagement and social transformation among university students”, South African Journal of Communication, 71(3): 45-67.
Nagel, T. W. S. (2022). “Measuring fake news acumen using a news media literacy instrument”, Journal of Media Literacy Education, 14(1): 29-42.
Nickerson, R. S. (1998). “Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises”, Review of General Psychology, 2(2): 175-220.
Nooshafarin, F.; Bagheri, S.; Karimi, A. (2024). “The role of media literacy in reducing fake news and strategies to counter the soft threats of foreign media in Iran”, Quarterly Journal of Communication Research, 31(4): 79-104 (Persian).
Pasquinelli, E.; Farina, M.; Bedel, A.; Casati, R. (2020). “Critical education for information literacy”, Cognitive Processing, 21(4): 589-604.
Pennycook, G.; Rand, D. G. (2019). “Lazy, not biased: Susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning”, Cognition, 188: 39-50.
Pennycook, G.; Rand, D. G. (2020). “Who falls for fake news? The roles of bullshit receptivity, overclaiming, familiarity, and analytic thinking”, Journal of Personality, 88(2): 185-200.
Potter, W. J. (2020). Media literacy (9th ed.), SAGE Publications.
Potter, W. J. (2022). “Analysis of definitions of media literacy”, Journal of Media Literacy Education, 14(2): 27-43.
Potter, W. J. (2023). “Critically analyzing the meanings of 'critical' media literacy”, Journal of Media Literacy Education, 15(3): 110-127.
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community, Simon & Schuster.
Rasulzadeh, M. (2024). “Predicting media literacy based on communication skills and functions of social networks (Case study: high school teachers in Ardabil)”, Master's Thesis, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. (Persian).
Rieger, A.; Draws, T.; Theune, M.; Tintarev, N. (2024). “Nudges to mitigate confirmation bias during web search on debated topics”, ACM Transactions on the Web, 18(2): Article 27.
Salman Abdulatif, A.; & et. al (2023). “Media literacy and digital citizenship in the age of social media”, Journal of Digital Media Studies, 15(2): 89-112.
Shin, J.; Thorson, K. (2017). “Partisan selective sharing: The biased diffusion of fact-checking messages on social media”, Journal of Communication, 67(2): 233-255.
Simchon, A.; Zipori, T.; Teitelbaum, L.; Lewandowsky, S.; van der Linden, S. (2026). “A signal detection theory meta-analysis of psychological inoculation against misinformation”, Current Opinion in Psychology, 67: 102194.
Spinde, T.; & et. al (2024). “The media bias taxonomy: A systematic literature review on the forms and automated detection of media bias”, arXiv preprint, arXiv:2312.16148.
Sriboonruang, K.; & et. al (2020). “Factors affecting social media literacy of farmers in Thailand”, Journal of Agricultural Extension, 28(4): 156-173.
Tajfel, H.; Turner, J. C. (1979). “An integrative theory of intergroup conflict”, in W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), the social psychology of intergroup relations, Brooks/Cole: 33-47.
Talebi, M. A.; Nistani, S. (2023). “Investigating the level of media literacy and its social determinants among employees of Shabestan News Agency in three provinces of North Khorasan, South Khorasan, and Razavi Khorasan”, Scientific Quarterly of Strategic Communication Studies, 3(8): 25-37. (Persian).
Tomassi, A.; & et. al (2023). “Enhancing critical thinking and media literacy skills in vocational students: A mixed-methods approach”, Education and Training, 65(6): 789-806.
Turner, J.; & et. al (2025). “Comparative framing and partisan selective exposure in news headlines”, Journal of Communication, 75(2): 210-235.
Tversky, A.; Kahneman, D. (1973). "Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability", Cognitive Psychology, 5(2): 207-232.
Wang, S. Y. N.; Phillips, S. C.; Carley, K. M.; Lin, H.; Pennycook, G. (2025). “Limited effectiveness of psychological inoculation against misinformation in a social media feed”, PNAS Nexus, 4(6): pgaf172.
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.), SAGE Publications.
Yousefian Zare, A. (2023). “Media literacy: dimensions and components (Case study: Lorestan)”, Journal of Future Studies and Policy Making, 9(4): 1-16. (Persian).
Zajonc, R. B. (1968). “Attitudinal effects of mere exposure”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9(2): 1-27.