تحولِ هویت روشنفکری و تأثیر آن در سر کار آمدن رضاخان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد خرم آباد، خرم آباد، ایران

2 استادیار گروه علوم سیاسی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران

3 استاد گروه علوم سیاسی دانشگاه مازندران، مازندران، ایران

10.22055/qjsd.2020.31542.2085

چکیده

برآمدن رضاخان در سپهر سیاست ایران، وجوه مختلفی داشت. وی فرزند زمانه‌ای پرآشوب بود که پس از مشروطه به وجود آمده بود. یکی از مهم‌ترین گروه‌هایی که در برآمدنِ او نقش کلیدی را به عهده داشتند، روشنفکران سال‌های پایانی قاجار بودند. عدم موفقیت نهضت مشروطه در ایجاد حکومت متجدد، متمرکز و قانونمند و دخالت قدرتهای بزرگ روس و انگلستان در امور داخلی ایران، همراه با تحولات بینالمللی و وقوع جنگ جهانی اول و اشغال ایران، روشنفکران را بر آن داشت تا از نظر هویتی به ‌دنبال پیدا کردن «ابرمرد»ی باشند که بتواند با به کار بستن «زور» و ایجاد حکومتی مقتدر، ضمن بازگرداندن یکپارچگی کشور آن را به دروازه‌های دنیای مدرن برساند. روشنفکران این دوره علیرغم شباهت‌های فراوانی که با نسل اوّل روشنفکری ایران داشتند، دارای یک تفاوت عمده بودند. نسل اوّل روشنفکری ایران بیش از هر چیز هویت متجددانه خود را در «قانون‌خواهی» می‌دید که ثمره آن مشروطه شد و روشنفکران نسل دوم هویت خود را در «استبداد منور» می‌دیدند که ثمره آن برآمدن رضاخان و نهایتاً پادشاهی او بود. مقاله حاضر با استفاده از مبانی نظری جامعه‌شناسی شناخت (رابطه متقابل بین اندیشه و ساختار جامعه) و به روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی صورت پذیرفته و ضمن توجه به هویت قانون‌خواهانه نسل اوّل، تحول آن را با توجه به گفتار برخی از مهم‌ترین روشنفکران نسل دوم، مورد بررسی قرار می­دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Evolution of Intellectualism Identity and Its Impact on Reza Khan's Rise to Power

نویسندگان [English]

  • BIZHAN MIRZAEI 1
  • Morteza Mahmoodi 2
  • Ali Karimi Mele 3
  • Ali Asghar Zargar 2
1 PhD Student in Political Science, Iran Issues Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3 Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Reza Khan's rise to power in the Iranian political climate had many aspects. He was the son of a tumultuous time after the constitution. One of the most influential groups that had a key role to bring him to power was intellectuals of the late years of Qajar. The failure of the constitutional movement to establish a modern, centralized, and legitimate government and the involvement of Russian and British powers in Iran's internal affairs, along with international developments and the outbreak of World War I and the occupation of Iran, prompted intellectuals to seek a "superman" that could bring about the unity of the country by employing "force" and establishing a stable government to put Iran in the gates of the modern world. Here the intellectuals of this period had a significant difference, despite many similarities. The first generation of Iranian intellectuals saw their modern-day identity in the "law-making" that the result was the constitution revolution. However, the second-generation intellectuals saw their identity in the "Enlightened despotism," the result of which was the rise of Reza Khan and, ultimately, his kingdom. This paper applied the theoretical foundations of cognitive sociology (the interrelationship between thought and the structure of society). In a descriptive-analytical way, it examines the evolution of intellectualism, considering the law-abiding nature of first-generation and opinions of some of the most important second-generation intellectuals.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Intellectualism
  • Identity
  • Law-Abiding
  • Enlightened Despotism
  • Reza Khan
Abrahamian, Ervand, (1982). Iran between Two Revolutions, Princeton University Press Princeton.
Adamiat, F. (1984). “Talbof Tabrizi’s Thoughts”, Tehran: Damavand Publishing. (Persian).
Agha Hoseini, A., Mahdi Pour, A. (2013). “Breaking the foundation of the discourse of the first wave of intellectuals in Iran: Mirzamalkam Khan, Akhundzadeh and Mirza Aga Khan Kermani’, Bi-Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 9 (2), 45-58. (Persian).
Akbari, M.A. (2005). Genealogy of the new Iranian identity (Qajar and Pahlavi eras), Tehran: Elmi Farhangi Publishing. (Persian).
Akbari Yasuj, H., Gorji Azandaryani, A. (2017). “The Historical analysis of the theory of Equilibrium Adjustment through Focusing on the Struggle between absolutism and constitutionalism”, History of Iran, 10 (3), 153-170. (Persian).
Ameri Golestani, H. (2004). “Interaction of Iranian thinkers with the foundations of European modernity in the late Qajar period 1324-1262 AH”, Master Thesis in Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch. (Persian).
Ameri Golestani, H. (2009). “Legal Thought of Mirza Yusuf Khan Mustashar al-Dawla and its Impact on the Constitution”, PhD Thesis in Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch. (Persian).
Ameri Golestani, H. (2015). “Modernity and legalism (thought of Mirza Yusuf Khan, advisor to Al-Dawlah)”, Tehran: contemporary Look publications. (Persian).
Amendment to the Constitutional law. (Persian).
Ansari, M. (2011). “Rezakhani Press Iranshahri Thought Project and Legitimization for the Pahlavi Government”, Media, 22 (1), 115-128. (Persian).
Ashraf, A. (1999). “Iranian Identity, in: Iranians Abroad”, volume II, Tradition and Modernity, Cultural Bulletin of the Deputy Minister of International Affairs, Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. (Persian).
Afshar, M. (1925). “Our Ideal: National Unity of Iran”, Beginnings, Future, 1 (1). (Persian).
Atabaki, T. (1999). Iran and World War I, Translated by Mahdi Haghighat Khah, Tehran: Qoqnoos Publishing. (Persian).
Azghandi, A., Etefagh Far, F. (2013). “Study and Comparison of the Political Thought of Constitutional Revolution Elites and the Islamic Revolution”, Journal of Political Sciences, 9 (23), 7-39. (Persian).
Bahmanyar, H. (2003). “Kaveh Newspaper and the possibility of reviving Iran”, Iran Nameh, 21 (81-82), 91-108. (Persian).
Bashiriyeh, H. (2002). “Political sociology”, Tehran, Ney Publishing. (Persian).
Behnam, J. (1996). “Iranians and the Thought of Modernity’, Tehran: Farzanrooz Publishing. (Persian).
Bigdeloo, R. (2001). “Archeology in the Contemporary History of Iran”, Tehran: Markaz Publishing. (Persian).
Boroujerdi, M. (2008). “Iranian intellectuals and the rise of Reza Shah”, Kargozaran newspaper, November 13th and 14th, according to Dr. Mehrzad Boroujerdi, http://mehrzadboroujerdi. com, Date of Visit: 31/5/2018. (Persian).
Curzon, G. (1970). “Iran and the Case of Iran”, translated by Khorasani Vahid, no 1, Tehran: Book translation and publishing company. (Persian).
Delavar, A. (2001). Theoretical and Practical Foundations of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, Tehran: Roshd Publications, First edition. (Persian).
Entekhabi, N. (1993). “Nationalism and Modernity in Post-Constitutional Political Culture’, Iran Nameh, 10 (2), 185-208. (Persian).
Ershad, F. (2018). “Review and Evaluation of Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Cognition”, A Critical Journal of Texts and Humanities Programs, 18 (12), 15-40. (Persian).
Eyvazi, M. (2006). “Mistakes of intellectuals' identities”, Zaman Quarterly, 5 (47), 33-38. (Persian).
Fazeli, H., Khalil Tahmasbi, N. (2015). “Hossein Kazemzadeh, Iranshahr and the Issue of National Identity”, Contemporary Political Essays, 6 (3), 105-123. (Persian).
Fazeli, N., Soleymani Ghare gol, H. (2012). “The role of late Qajar intellectuals in the formation of the first modern government in Iran”, Historical Sociology, 4 (2), 1-46. (Persian).
Ghadimi Gheidari, A. (2010). “The Crisis of Succession in the Qajar Government (from the establishment to the accession of Mohammad Shah Qajar)”, Historical Research, 2 (1), 86-106. (Persian).
Ghazi Moradi, H. (2001). “Tyranny in Iran”, Tehran: Akhtaran Publishing. (Persian).
Ghorbanzadeh Savar, GH., Omirpour, S. (2018). “The main demand of the first generation of Iranian intellectuals: limiting the power of the monarchy”, Studies of State, 4 (13), 173-192. (Persian).
Hafeznia, M. (2003). “Introduction to Research Methodology in Humanities”, Tehran: Samt Publishing. (Persian).
Hamzeh, M. (2018). “Possibility or Impossibility of Development in Iran”, Development Articles (4), Development Intellectual Scan publications (Digital Publishing). (Persian).
Hejazi, N., Radmehr, M. (2014). “Transition from Personal Justice to Institutional Justice in Mirzamalkam Khan's thought”, Political and International approaches, 6 (39), 157-178. (Persian).
Heydarpour, M., Zahedi, M. (2008). “Sociology of Intellectual’s Isolation: (Critique of the actions of intellectuals of the constitutional era until the end of the first Pahlavi dynasty)”, Sociology of Iran, 9 (1-2), 127-141. (Persian).
International Foundation for Theory and Doctrine (Bita), Sociology of Mannheim Knowledge, https://www.iftad.org, Date of Visit: 03/05/2020. (Persian).
Jahanbegloo, R. (2002). The Fourth Wave, Tehran: Ney Publishing. (Persian).
Katouzian, M. (2003). “Iran's political economy: from constitutionalism to the end of the Pahlavi dynasty”, Translator: Mohammad Reza Nafisi & Kambiz Azizi, Vol. 9, Tehran: Markaz Publishing. (Persian).
Kazemi, A. (2004). “Sociology of Religious Intellectuals in Iran”, Tehran: Tarhe No. (Persian).
Kazemi Zamharir, M. (2014). “The thinking of the intellectuals of the Qajar era and the possibility of transition from the theory of regimen to government”, Research in Theoretical Politics, 1 (15), 89-120. (Persian).
Keddie, N. (2002). “Iran during Qajar Era and the Rise of Reza Khan 1796-1925”, translated by Haghighatkhah, Mehdi, Tehran: Qoqnos. (Persian).
Khalili, M., Abasi Khoshkar, A& Shams Aldini Nezhad, M, (2014). “Elite political culture; the time of the rise and fall of the first Pahlavi”, Journal of Political Science, 10 (37), 7-36. (Persian).
Khastoo, R. (2007). “The First Generation of Iranian Intellectuals and Political Modernity”, Political Science Karaj Azad University, 4 (6), 67-102. (Persian).
Khastoo, R. (2009). “Iranian Intellectuals: The Beginning of the Ideological Tendency and the Negation of Political Modernity”, Journal of Political Science, 5 (8), 129-153. (Persian).
Law (Newspaper), Shaʻban 1928, No. 2. (Persian).
Merton, R. (2010). “Sociology of knowledge”, translated by Javad Afshar Kohan, Pajhwok. (Persian).
Mir Mohamadi, D. (2004). “An Introduction to the National Identity in Iran”, Tehran: National Studies Institute. (Persian).
Mirzaei, B., Mahmoodi, M., Karimi Meleh, A., Zargar, A. (2019). “The Examination of the Role of Intellectuals in Reza Khan Getting into Power”, Politica Science, 15 (47), 19-48. (Persian).
Moaseghi, A. (2006). Modernization and reforms in Iran, Tehran: Ghoomes Publishing. (Persian).
Molaie, Tavani, A. (2002). “Constitution and the Republic: The Roots of the Disorder of the Democratic Order in Iran 1305-1284”, Tehran: Gostareh. (Persian).
Molaie, Tavani, A. (2003). “Iranian Identity in Malekzadeh Historiography”, National Studies, 4 (16), 153-182. (Persian).
Nazari, A. (2007). “Nationalism and Iranian Identity: A Case Study of the First Pahlavi Period”, Law and Policy Research Quarterly, No. 22, 141-172. (Persian).
Nazari, A. (2009). “The Identity Discourse of Iranian modernists in the Constitutional Revolution, Quarterly Journal of Politics, 39 (4), 323-346. (Persian).
Nazem Aldawleh, M. (2002). “Treatises of Mirza Malek Khan Nazim Al-Dawlah”, Hujjatullah Asil, Tehran: Ney publications. (Persian).
Olgar, H. (1990). “The leading role of the clergy in the constitutional movement”, translated by Abolghasem Sari, Tehran: Toos Publishing. (Persian).
Pouyafar, M. (2013). “A Study of the Democratization of Culture in the Constitutional Era”, Journal of Anthropology, 11 (19), 11-42. (Persian).
Rabani Zadeh, S.m., Lotfi, L. (2015). “The Structure of Power in Nasserite Iran”, Contemporary Political Essays, 6 (18), 55-77. (Persian).
Rahbari, M. (2007). “Iranian Modernists and Modernity in the Constitutional Era: A Study of the Origins of Intellectual Debates in Modern Iran”, National Studies, 8 (4), 55-76. (Persian).
Rahmani Zadeh dehkordi, H., Zanjani, M. (2016). “Modern Government and Authoritarianism (a case study of Reza Shah's government)”, Government Research, 2 (6), 175-212. (Persian).
Rajaie, F. (2003). “The Problem of Iranian Identity”, First Edition, Terhan: Ney publications. (Persian).
Rashid Korshan, R., Sabaq, S. (2018). “Sociology of Modernity Developments in Iran”, Sociological Studies, 11 (39), 7-25. (Persian).
Rezadoost, K., Hosein Zadeh, A., & Taheri, F. (2007). “Pathology of the Intellectual Progress in Contemporary Iran”, Sociology of Iran, 8 (3), 79-119. (Persian).
Rezaee Panah, A., Izadi, R. (2013), “The roots of the first Pahlavi Discourse in the Votes of the Modernists of the Constitutional Era”, Historical Research, 4 (2), 35-68. (Persian).
Sadri, A. (2007). “Max Weber`s Sociology of Intellectuals”, Translated by: Hassan Abniki, Tehran: Kavir Publishing. (Persian).
Said, Edward W, (1994). Representations of the Intellectual, Pantheon Books.
Sarparast Sadat, E. (2014). “Developments in Iranian intellectuals' understanding of the tradition of crisis, tradition and intellectual self-awareness”, strategic policy research, 3 (11), 31-56. (Persian).
Seyed Emami, K. (2007). “Research in Political Sciences”, Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies, Publications of Imam Sadiq University. (Persian).
Shafiee Far, M., Khalil Tahmasbi, N. (2016). “Archeology and National Identity; Enlightened Modernity and Tyranny: From the point of view of Sayed Hassan Taghizadeh and Kaveh magazine”, political science quarterly, 12 (35), 27-52. (Persian).
Shamim, A. (1991). “Iran during the Qajar Dynasty” Tehran: Elmi Publications. (Persian).
Shuster, M. (1989). “The Strangling of Persia”, Translation of Sayed Abolhassan Shoushtari, Tehran: Safi Ali shah Publishing. (Persian).
Tabatabaie, J. (2007). “Reflections on Iran-Vol. II: Theory of Rule of Law in Iran-Part 2: Fundamentals of Constitutional Theory”, Tabriz: Sotoudeh Publishing. (Persian).
Tajik, M. (2000). “Iranian Intellectual and the Riddle of National Identity”, National Studies Quarterly, 2 (5), 159-176. (Persian).
Talibov, A. (1946). “Explanations about freedom”, misplaced, unreasonable. (Persian).
Talibov, A. (1950). “Talebi politics, by Haj Sayed Ibrahim Thiqat al-Islam Shirazi”, Bina. (Persian).
Talibov, A. (1968). “Masalak al-Muhsinin with introduction written by Mohammad Baqir Mo'meni”, Tehran. (Persian).
Talibov, A. (1977). “The Book of Ahmad, Abdul Rahim Talibov, Introduction and Margin of Baqir Mo'meni”, Tehran: Shabgir Publishing. (Persian).
Vaez, N. (2003). “Reflections on the power-transfer developments from the Qajars to the Pahlavis”, Political Science, 6 (24), 129-147. (Persian).
Wuthnow, R. (1989). Communities of Discourse: Ideology and Social Structure in the Reformation, the Enlightenment, and European Socialism Reissue Edition, Harvard University Press.
Zahedi, M., Heidarpour, M. (2008). “Sociology of Intellectuals’ Isolation (Critique of the Activities of Intellectuals of the Constitutional Era until the End of the First Pahlavi Dynasty), Iranian Journal of Sociology, 9 (1-2), 127-164. (Persian).