بافتار بازتولید کننده بنیادگرایی و معمای توسعه: بررسی کیفی مهاجران افغانستانی در شهر کرمان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس ارشد جامعه‌شناسی دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه جامعه‌شناسی دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران

چکیده

افغانستان همسایه شرقی ایران شاهد چهار دهه جنگ و بحران‌های گوناگون می‌باشد، این بحران‌ها موجب مهاجرت گسترده اتباع افغانستانی به ایران شده است. با توجه به نقش حساس نوجوانان و جوانان در توسعه جامعه، پژوهش حاضر در صدد کندوکاو بافتار و جهان زیست مهاجران نوجوان و جوان افغانستانی مقیم کرمان در جهت فهم شرایط بازتولید بنیادگرایی در منظومه توسعه است. در این پژوهش از روش‌شناسی کیفی گرندد تئوری جهت فهم عمیق‌تر موضوع استفاده شده است. میدان مطالعه شهر کرمان است و 14 نوجوان و 16 جوان افغانستانی ساکن در شهر کرمان بعنوان مشارکت‌کننده با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند و نمونه‌گیری نظری انتخاب شدند. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از ابزار مصاحبه نیمه ساخت‌یافته استفاده شد. کدگذاری داده‌ها بصورت کدگذاری باز، محوری و گزینشی انجام شد. برای کسب اعتبار، از تکنیک ارزیابی توسط اعضا، روش ممیزی و مقایسه تحلیلی استفاده شده است. در این پژوهش وابستگی عمیق به سنت‌های قومی، الگوهای مردسالارانه را ترویج و محرومیت را در جامعه مهاجرین تشدید می‌کنند. همچنین، مهاجرت و مواجهه با سنت‌ها از عوامل تشدید بحران درمیان جوانان بود هر یک از این مقوله‌ها همچون زنجیر به یکدیگر متصل شده‌اند و رشد بنیادگرایی و توسعه‌نیافتگی را تشدید کرده است. با توجه به یافته‌های این پژوهش هشت مقوله اصلی شکل گرفته است که عبارتند از: محرومیت گسترده، چالش کم‌سوادی، ادراک کم‌آگاهی، روابط جزیره‌ای، سنت‎گرایی در عصر مدرن، ادراک فساد فراگیر، چالش دیگر بودگی و شکاف‌های قومی، تبعیض جنسیتی. در نهایت با توجه به تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها مقوله هسته‌ "بر هم ‌کنش چالش‌های سنت‌گرایی، محرومیت، هویت؛ چرخه معیوب توسعه" استخراج گردید.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Reproductive Context of Fundamentalism and Development Riddle: A Qualitative Study of Afghan Immigrants in Kerman

نویسندگان [English]

  • mohsen saeedi 1
  • Dariush Boostani 2
1 Master of Sociology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Kerman, Iran
چکیده [English]

Afghanistan's eastern neighbor Iran is witnessing four decades of war and various crises, which have led to the mass immigrant of Afghans to Iran. Considering the sensitive role of adolescents and youth in the development of society, the present study seeks to explore the context and life world of Afghan immigrants in order to understand the conditions for the reproduction of fundamentalism in the development system. In this research, the qualitative methodology of Grand Theory has been used for understanding of the subject. The study focuses on Kerman where 14 Afghan adolescentsand 16 young youths were selected as participants using purposive sampling and theoretical sampling. Semi-structured interviews were carried out to collect the data. Data coding was done in open, axial and selective coding .Also, in order to gain credibility, the evaluation technique by members, audit method and analytical comparison have been used. Deep attachment to ethnic traditions promotes patriarchal patterns and exacerbates deprivation in the immigrant community. Also, migration and confrontation with traditions were among the factors exacerbating the crisis among young people. According to the findings of this study, eight main categories have been formed, which are as follows: widespread deprivation - illiteracy - lack of awareness - isolated relationships -traditionalism in the modern age -the perception of pervasive corruption - multiple identity and ethnic divisions - gender discrimination. According to the results of this study, finally the core category of "the interaction of the challenges of traditionalism, deprivation, identity; the vicious cycle of development" was extracted.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Fundamentalism
  • Development
  • Afghanistan
  • Tradition
  • Religion
  • Immigran
"Afghanistan, The World Factbook", Available from: http:// www.cia.gov. Retrieved, 2021-10-19.
Ahmad, L., & Anctil Avoine, P. (2018). “Misogyny in ‘post-war’Afghanistan: the changing frames of sexual and gender-based violence”, Journal of gender studies, 27(1), 86-101.
Ahmadvand, Sh. (2016). “Psychological Backgrounds of Jewish Fundamentalism”, Quarterly Journal of Politics, 46 (1), 3-21. (Persian).
Alipour, J.; Gheytasi, S., Darabi, M. (2017). “The Influence of Ibn Taymiyyah's Thoughts on the Thoughts and Policies of Salafi-Takfiri Groups”, Political Thought in Islam, No. 12, 35- 62. (Persian).
Arefi, M. A. (2011). “Barriers to political development in Afghanistan”. Master Thesis, University of Tehran. (Persian).
Azkia, Mustafa; Ghaffari, Gholamreza. (2008). Sociology of Development. Tehran: Kayhan. (Persian).
Bayrampur, B.; Mohammadian Saravi, M.; Haghighi, M. (2021). “Designing a model to determine the effective factors in the occurrence of corruption and examining the role of supervision and organizational transparency in its prevention”, Journal of Supervision and Inspection, 55 (15), 71-100. (Persian).
Birt, L., Scott, S., Cavers, D., Campbell, C., & Walter, F. (2016). “Member checking: a tool to enhance trustworthiness or merely a nod to validation?”, Qualitative health research, 26(13), 1802-1811.
Borthakur, A., & Kotokey, A. (2020). “Ethnicity or religion? The genesis of the Taliban movement in Afghanistan”. Asian Affairs, 51(4), 817-837.
Butler, A. E., Copnell, B., & Hall, H. (2018). “The development of theoretical sampling in practice”: Collegian, 25(5), 561-566.
Bygstad, B., &Munkvold, B. E. (2007). The significance of member validation in qualitative analysis: Experiences from a longitudinal case study. In 2007 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences: IEEE.
Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., & Walker, K. (2020). “Purposive sampling: complex or simple? Research case examples”, Journal of Research in Nursing, 25(8), 652-661.
Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. (1990). “Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria”. Qualitative sociology, 13(1), 3-21.
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory: Sage publications.
Corona, L. (2004). Afghanistan, translated by Fatemeh Shadab. Tehran: Phoenix Publications.
Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Thousand Oaks. CA: Sage Publications.
D’Souza, S. M. (2016). “Taliban: The Rebels Who Aspire to be Rulers”, Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 3(1), 20-40.
Fakuhi, N. (2012). Harmony and conflict in identity and ethnicity. Tehran: Gol Azin Publishing. (Persian).
Forouzan, Y., & Alishahi, A. (2018). “Terrorist movements in Afghanistan, attitudes towards the status of radical fundamentalist forces in Islamic post awakenings”, International Journal of Sociology, 2(6), 764-767. (Persian).
Giddens, A. (2010). Sociology, translated by Hassan Chavoshian. Tehran: Ney Publishing. (Persian).
Groh, T. L. (2006). Ungoverned spaces: the challenges of governing tribal societies: Naval Postgraduate School.
Heriot, P. (2021). Religious Fundamentalism, translated by Mohammad Razeghi, Tehran: Contemporary View. (Persian).
Hettne, B. (2010). “Development and security: Origins and future”, Security Dialogue, 41(1), 31-52.
Houshangi, H. (2010). “The Role of Modernity in the Development of Fundamentalism in the Islamic World”, Journal of Political Science, 1 (6): 181-210. (Persian).
Iman, M. T. (2015). Qualitative research methodology, Qom: Research Center and University. (Persian).
Johnson, R. B., & Christensen, L. (2019). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches: Sage publications.
Lord Alderdice, J. (2017). “Fundamentalism, Radicalization and Terrorism, Part 2: fundamentalism, regression and repair”. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 31(3), 301-313.
Mahmoudian, H. (2007). “Migration of Afghans to Iran”, Letter from the Iranian Demographic Association, 4 (2): 42-69. (Persian).
Mohammadpour, A. (2010). Anti-method (logic and design in qualitative methodology). Tehran: Sociologists Publications. (Persian).
Mohseni, M. J.; Halimi, I. (2018). “Sociological explanation of the formation and emergence of violent groups in the Islamic world”, Regional Studies, 17 (5): 7-32. (Persian).
Motamedi Mehr, M. (2017). Salafi fundamentalism, Tehran: Sarai Publishing. (Persian).
Motevaseli, F. (2019). “Violent extremism under the influence of the ideological foundations of fundamentalism, political science”, Nations Research, No. 45, 74- 75. (Persian).
Movaseghi, A. (2009). “War and Underdevelopment in the Third World”, Quarterly Journal of Politics, 2 (39). (Persian).
Muhaddasi, H. (2018). Iranian Narrative Sociology of Religion, Tehran: Tisa Publications. (Persian).
Nikupi, A. (2019). Sociology of Religiosity, Tehran: A Contemporary View. (Persian).
Papoli, M. H. (2008). Rural Development Theory. Tehran: Samat Publications. (Persian).
Qaderi, S.; Qasim, T. A. (2021). “Social and Cultural Consequences of Religious Fundamentalism in Afghanistan from Reaction to Secularism to Reactive Secularism”, Iranian Journal of Social Issues. 1(11), 355-380. (Persian)..
Rohr, E. (2017). “Terror, fundamentalism, and male adolescence”, Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 31(4), 343-354.
Shahamat Dehsorkhi, R.; Hassani, S. A. (2015). “Religious violence under the guise of sectarianism (purity) in Islam and Christianity; with emphasis on Islamic Salafism and Christian fundamentalism”, religions, sects and mysticism, No. 22, 33-56. (Persian).
Statistical Center of Iran (2016). Detailed results of the 2016 census, Tehran. (Persian).
Thomas, D. R. (2017). “Feedback from research participants: are member checks useful in qualitative research?”, Qualitative research in psychology, 14(1), 23-41.
Waezi, M. (2010). “Iran and the Threats of Instability in Afghanistan and Pakistan”, Foreign Policy Research Journal, No. 26, 15-62. (Persian).
Yazdanpanah, K.; Ahmadi, S. J. (2021). “The position of ethnic groups in the formation of the political structure and governance of Afghanistan after 2001”, Quarterly Journal of Politics, Journal of the Faculty of Law and Political Science, 1(5), 317-341. (Persian).