Phenomenological Typology of Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment of Working Graduated Women in Tehran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD Student in Sociology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran

2 Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Al-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Semnan, Iran

Abstract

The present study is a phenomenological effort for the typology of entrepreneurship and self-employment of working graduated women in Tehran, which has been done with phenomenological approach and in-depth and semi-structured interview tools, with the participation of 50 women entrepreneurs, self-employed and experts in this field. Therefore, after receiving a conceptual and practical definition of entrepreneurship and self-employment from the perspective of participants and trying to understand their attitude towards entrepreneurship indicators, efforts were made to obtain possible classifications based on differential characteristics. The results indicate that from the participants' point of view, in a society with a traditional culture, self-employed women are considered entrepreneurs due to innovation in "employment role stereotypes". Entrepreneurs are also categorized according to various categories, which 1- in terms of the opportunity conditions falls into the categories of "opportunity finding, opportunity building and conversion", 2- in terms of the field of employment falls into "industry , Trade and services”, 3- in terms of field of activity falls into" scientific, cultural, economic and social ", 4- in terms of entrepreneurship type falls into", educational-research, social-ethical, motivational-supportive, intermediary-transitional, economic-productive, multidimensional-developmental", 5- in terms of  motivation and purpose, they were divided into "self-centered, Other axis/heterogeneous, interactive/ Bilateral, general-oriented", and finally 6- in terms of entrepreneurial result falls into "self-employed and job-creating" categories.

Keywords

References

Bagher Arayesh, M., Namamaian, F., Eslambolchi, A., & Rezaeirad, M., (2019). “Typology of the Mentality of Rural Women About Promotion of Rural Entrepreneurship”, Journal of Rural Research, 9(4), 536-551. (Persian).
Agar, M. (1996). Professional Stranger: An Informal Introduction to Ethnography, Academic Press.
Ahmadpour Dariani, M., Moghimi, S. M. (2016). "Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship", Farandish Publishing, 17th edition. (Persian).
Ahmadpour Dariani, M., Moghimi, S. M. (2016). "Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship", Farandish Publishing, 17th edition(Persian). (Persian).
Albrecht, G.H. (2003). “How friendly are family friendly policies?”, Business Ethics Quarterly, 13(2): 177-92.
Alvani, S. M. and H. Budlaei (2010). “Phenomenology in Entrepreneurship Studies”, 2010, Iranian Journal of Management Sciences, Fifth Year, No. 19, (Fall 2010), pp. 33-61. (Persian).
Amid, H. (1992). Amid Persian Culture, published by Amir Kabir, Tehran, eighth edition. (Persian).
Arayesh, M. B., Namamian, F., Islambolchi, A., Rezaei Rad, M. (Winter 2016). “Typology of Rural Patterns of Women in the Field of Winners of Rural Entrepreneurship Development”, Volume 9, Number 4, pp. 551-536. (Persian).
Arianpour Kashani, A. (2014). English to Persian Dictionary, translated by Manouchehr Arianpour Kashani, Amirkabir Publishing. (Persian).
Azkia, M.; Ahmadrash, R. and Barnazian, K. (2017). "Qualitative research methods from theory to practice", Kayhan Publications. (Persian).
Birley S. (2001). An Opportunity-But is it Worth it? In Birley Sue &Muzyka, Mastering Entepreneuership, New York: Prentice Hall.
Brewer, J. (2005). Ethnography, Second Edition, London: Open University Press.
Brush, C. G., de Bruin, A., & Welter, F. (2009). A gender-aware framework for women’s entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 1, 8–24. de Bruin, A., Brush, C. G., & Welter, F. (2006). Introduction to the special issue: towards building cumulative knowledge.
Budlaei, H. and M. Ahopai (2015). "A Phenomenological Look at Entrepreneurship in Iran", Sociologists Publications, First Edition. (Persian).
Bygrave, W. (1994). The Enterpreneuerial Process, in William Bygrave in the protable MBA in Enterpreneuership, New York, Jon Wiely & sons.
Christina, J. (2013). “Impact of Strategic Orientation on Women Owned Service Enterprises”, Tenth Aims International Conference on Management, January 2013, pp. 3648-3657.
Chu, P. (2000). “The Characteristics of Chinese Female Entrepreneurs: Motivation and Personality”, Journal of Enterprising Culture. 8(1): 67-84.
Cooper, D. R. and Schindler, P. S. (2003). Business Research Method. 8th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill.
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, Second Edition, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Denzin, N and Y. Lincoln (2005). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, Third Edition, London: Sage Publication Ltd.
Drucker, Peter. F. (2002). Managing in the Next Society, the Economist, Fara Publications.
Groff, R. (2007). Critical Realism, Post-positivism and the Possibility of Knowledge, Edition: Routledge.
Henly, A. (2012). “Job creation by the self- employment: the roles of entrepreneurship and financial”, Small Business Economics, 25, pp 175-196.
Hisrich R. D. & Brush C. (1999). Women-Owned Businesses: Why do They Matter. ACS Z. J. (Eds). Are Small Firms Important? Their Role and Impact. Boston: Springer.
Hisrich, R. and M., Peters, Entrepreneurship (2011). Translated by Hamidreza Naghi Yari and Seyed Gholireza Feizbakhsh, Sharif University of Technology Press. (Persian).
Hisrich, R.D. & Peters, M. P. (1986). Establishing a New Business Venture Unit within a Firm.
Howorth, C., Tempest, S., Coupland, C. (2006). “Rethinking Entrepreneurship methodology and definitions of the Entrepreneurs”, Journal of small Business and EnterpriseDevelopment, Vol. 12, No., 1. PP: 24-40.
https://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneurship.
https://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_entrepreneurs.
https://www.entrepreneur.com.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/entrepreneur.asp.
https://www.jurnalkemanusiaan.utm.my/index.php/kemanusiaan/article/view/174.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314926703.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41805988_Goal_orientations_and_typology_of_women_entrepreneurs.
Ireland, R. D. , Reutzed, C. R., Webb, J. W. & Texas, Cs. (2005). “Entrepreneurship research in AMJ: what has been Published, whatmight the future hold”, Academy of management Journal,vd.48.no.4:558-564.
Kearney, C. & Histich, R. & Roche, F. (2009). “public and private sector entrepreneurship; similarities differences of a combination?”, Journal of small business and Entreprise development, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 26-46.
Khadem Reza, A. (2017). "Entrepreneurship Toolbox", published by Dibagaran Tehran. (Persian).
Kripendrov, K. (1999). Content Analysis of Methodological Basics, translated by Houshang Naebi, Method Publishing. (Persian).
Kuratko, D.; Hodgetts, R. (2001). Entrepreneurship: a contemporary approach, Philadelphia. Harcou College Publishers.
Landstrom, H., Sexton, D. (2000). The Blackwell handbook of entrepreneurship. Blackwell Publishers LTD.
Low, S. (2009). Defining and measuring entrepreneurship for regional research: A new approach’ Ph.D., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Maden, C. (2015). “A Gendered Lens on Entrepreneurship: Women Entrepreneurship in Turkey”, Gender in Management: An International Journal, 30(4): 312-331.
Momayez, A., Ghasemi S. A., Ghasemi, S. F. (2013). “A Study of Effective Factors in Women Entrepreneurship Development, Technology Growth”, Par Kaha and Growth Centers Quarterly, Year 9, Issue 35, Summer. (Persian).
Murphy, J. Patrick, liao, Jianwen, & welsch, P .Harold , (2006). “A conceptual history of entrepreneurial thought”, Journal of management history. Vol. 12, No. 1. PP. 12-35.
Neuman, L. (2006). Social Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, Sixth Edition. London: Allyn and Bacon.
Neuman, L. (2007). Social Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, Third Edition. London: Allyn and Bacon.
Parker, C., S. (2005). The economics of entrepreneurship, now publishers inc.
Pelto, P.J., and G.H. Pelto (1978). Anthropological Research: The Structure of Inquiry, Second Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rostamian, A.; Mohammadi Eliassy, Gh.; Amiri, Mojtaba; and Sakhdari, K. (2018). “A Step towards a Critical Typology of Entrepreneurial Identity”, Quarterly Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities, 39. (Persian).
Ruef, M., Lounsbury, M. (2007). "Introduction: The sociology of entrepreneurship", The Sociology of Entrepreneurship, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Sarfaraz, L., Faghih, N., & Majd, A. A. (2014). “The relationship between women entrepreneurship and gender equality”, Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 2(1), 1–11.
Schrank, A. (2006). “The Case Study and Causal Inference”, In, Ellen Perecman and Sara R. Curran (eds.), Handbook for Social Science Field Research: Essays and Bibliographic Sources on Research Design and Methods, pp. 169-174, Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.
Schutz , A. (1972). “The Phenomenology of the Social world”, Heinemann Educational Books, London
Shahraki, H., Movahedi, R., & Yaghobi- Farani, A. (2016). “Examining the Cultural and Social Components of Rural Entrepreneurship: A Qualitative Study”, Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 9(4), 749-767.
Silverman, D. (2005). Doing Qualitative Research, London: Sage Publications Inc.
Singelton, R. and et al. (2005). Approaches to Social Research, London: Sage Publication.
Smith, Dorothy E. (2005). Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People, Altamira Press.
Spencer, J. (2007). Anthropology, politics and the State, Cambridge; Cambridge University States.
Spezial H. and D Carpenter (2007). Qualitative Research in Nursing: Advancing in Humanistic Perspective, Philadelphia: Lipincott, Wiliams & Wilson.
Szabo, Zsuzsanna K., Herman E. (2014). “Considerations on Romania's Entrepreneurial Profile: Barriers to Productive Entrepreneurship.
van Manen, M. (2014). Phenomenology of practice: Meaning‐giving methods in phenomenological research and writing. United States of America: Left Coast Press.
Vanderstoep, W. Scott (2009). “Research method for every day life. Blending qualitative and quantitative approach”, by john wiley &sons, inc.
www.Amazon.com
Yin, R. K. (2003). Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Third Edition, London: Sage.
Zahra, S. A. (2005). Entrepreneurship and disciplinary scholarship: Return to the fountainhead. In Handbook of entrepreneurship research (pp. 253-268). Springer, Boston, M.A.
Zimmerman, J. (2008). Refining the definition of Entrepreneurship, A Dissertation for the degree Doctor of philosophy. Pro Quest Information and learning company.
 
Quarterly Journal of Social Development (Previously Human Development)
Volume 15, Issue 4 - Serial Number 60
Vol. 15, No. 4. Summer 2021
September 2021
Pages 1-38

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics