تعاریف و سنخ‌شناسی کارآفرینی و خود اشتغالی زنان دانش‌آموخته آموزش عالی، شاغل در شهر تهران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری جامعه شناسی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران

2 استاد گروه علوم اجتماعی دانشکده علوم اجتماعی و اقتصاد دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران

3 دانشیار گروه جامعه شناسی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد، گرمسار، سمنان، ایران

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر کوششی است به منظور سنخ‌شناسی زنان کارآفرین و خود اشتغال دانش‌آموخته شاغل در شهر تهران که در حوزه پارادایم تحلیلی ـ برساختی، با استفاده از روش پدیدارشناسانه، رویکرد «تفهمی ـ تحلیلی» و رهیافت طبیعی‌گرایی زمینه‌ای (امیک ـ اتیک)، به‌عبارتی حرکت از الگوهای خاص به الگوهای عام استفاده شده و در بخش سنخ‌شناسی از رویکرد «توصیفی ـ تحلیلی» یا به‌عبارتی مردم‌نگاری تحلیلی بهره گرفته شده. و ابزار مصاحبه عمیق و نیمه‌ساختار یافته، و مشارکت52 تن از زنان کارآفرین، خود اشتغال و مطلّعین در این حوزه انجام شده است. لذا در طول این مسیر پس از دریافت تعریف مفهومی و عملیِ کارآفرینی و خود اشتغالی از منظر مشارکت‌کنندگان و سعی در ادراک نگرش آنها در خصوص شاخص‌های کارآفرینی، در مورد حصول سنخ‌بندی‌های ممکن براساس ویژگی‌های افتراقی نیز تلاش شده است. نتایج حاکی از این است که از نگاه مشارکت‌کنندگان، در جامعه‌ای با فرهنگ سنتی، زنان خود اشتغال به دلیل نوآوری در «کلیشه‌های نقشِ اشتغال» و پذیرش ریسک «حضور اجتماعی، فعالیت اقتصادی و تعارض نقش» کارآفرین محسوب می‌شوند. کارآفرینان نیز بر اساس شاخص‌های گوناگونی دسته‌بندی می‌شوند که عبارتند از: 1- بر حسب شرایط فرصتی، شامل «فرصت‌یاب، فرصت‌ساز و تبدیلی»، 2- بر حسب زمینه اشتغال شامل «صنعت، تجارت و خدمات»، 3- بر حسب حوزه فعالیت شامل «علمی ـ فرهنگی» و «اقتصادی ـ- اجتماعی»، 4- بر حسب نوع کارآفرینی، شامل «آموزشی ـ پژوهشی» «اجتماعی ـ اخلاقی»، «انگیزشی ـ حمایتی»، «واسطه‌ای ـ انتقالی»، «اقتصادی ـ بهره‌ور»، «چندبُعدی ـ تکوینی» ، 5- بر حسب جهتِ انگیزه و هدف، شامل «خودمحور، دگرمحور، تعاملی، عام‌محور»، 6- بر حسب نتیجه کارآفرینی به دسته‌های «خود اشتغال و اشتغال‌زا» تقسیم می‌شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Phenomenological Typology of Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment of Working Graduated Women in Tehran

نویسندگان [English]

  • mehrnoush Foroutan 1
  • khadijeh safiri 2
  • Tahereh Mirsardo 3
1 PhD Student in Sociology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
2 Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Al-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Semnan, Iran
چکیده [English]

The present study is a phenomenological effort for the typology of entrepreneurship and self-employment of working graduated women in Tehran, which has been done with phenomenological approach and in-depth and semi-structured interview tools, with the participation of 50 women entrepreneurs, self-employed and experts in this field. Therefore, after receiving a conceptual and practical definition of entrepreneurship and self-employment from the perspective of participants and trying to understand their attitude towards entrepreneurship indicators, efforts were made to obtain possible classifications based on differential characteristics. The results indicate that from the participants' point of view, in a society with a traditional culture, self-employed women are considered entrepreneurs due to innovation in "employment role stereotypes". Entrepreneurs are also categorized according to various categories, which 1- in terms of the opportunity conditions falls into the categories of "opportunity finding, opportunity building and conversion", 2- in terms of the field of employment falls into "industry , Trade and services”, 3- in terms of field of activity falls into" scientific, cultural, economic and social ", 4- in terms of entrepreneurship type falls into", educational-research, social-ethical, motivational-supportive, intermediary-transitional, economic-productive, multidimensional-developmental", 5- in terms of  motivation and purpose, they were divided into "self-centered, Other axis/heterogeneous, interactive/ Bilateral, general-oriented", and finally 6- in terms of entrepreneurial result falls into "self-employed and job-creating" categories.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Entrepreneurship
  • Self-Employment
  • Typology
  • Phenomenology
  • Graduated

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توسعه اجتماعی
دوره 15، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 60
دوره 15، شماره 4، تابستان 1400
شهریور 1400
صفحه 1-38

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